The Influence of Sports Brand English Translation and Publicity on the Psychology of Mass Sports Exercise / La influencia de la traducción y publicidad al inglés de marcas deportivas en la psicología del ejercicio deportivo masivo

The English language, similar to all languages, serves as a vessel for conveying the cultural nuances of English-speaking nations. Notably, sports, being a significant component of culture, naturally infiltrates the language. A considerable number of words, phrases, and expressions within the English language find their roots in various sports, thus substantially enhancing the lexicon of the language. Leveraging translated sports media for enhancing the overall quality of sports engagement among college students is aimed at nurturing accurate sports principles and a perpetual sports awareness. This endeavour has emerged as a pivotal facet within the domain of social science and sports research innovation. In the context of the psychological characteristics inherent in provincial college students, a comprehensive research methodology is employed to scrutinize and assess the present state of college students' interaction with sports media, alongside the factors shaping the sporting values embraced by college students in the region. Drawing upon the results of a conducted survey, the primary motives behind college students' admiration for sports celebrities include the capacity to idolize sports stars (43.66%), appreciation for the athletic prowess displayed by these luminaries (40.12%), respect for sports figures (34.63%), recognition of their professional attributes, and other qualities they embody (25.87%). Notably, a considerable portion of those who hold sports stars in high esteem also exhibit elevated economic means (12.91%). The authors explored and examined the college students' exposure to translated sports media content, along with the media's influence on their sports-related values, active involvement in sports, and extracurricular pursuits, impart valuable theoretical insights pertinent to the progression of collegiate sports, the effective utilization of mass media, the provision of Olympic brand education for college students, and the reform of higher education sports programs. For the inaugural instance, we have gleaned that the sources employed for procuring Olympic tickets have started to shift. Internet-based platforms constitute over 40% of these sources, with television channels accounting for a similar proportion, hovering around 40%. In contrast, traditional print media, such as newspapers and magazines, comprises a mere 6.5%, while radio media falls below 3%. Approximately 21.6% of adolescents hold sports stars in high esteem, and 41.7% of them believe that the adoration of "sports stars" contributes to their personal development, while 33.3% of adolescents endeavour to attend events featuring their favourite celebrities. In accordance with the pertinent survey, more than half of college students profess to idolization, of which one-quarter revere sports stars. Currently, the impact of the translation and promotion of sports brand media on the sports values of college students is predominantly positive, characterized by a "favourable disposition." A strong and positive correlation exists between sports brand media and the values held by college students. Sociolinguists have emphasized that sports constitutes a pivotal component of culture, and culture and language form an inseparable and integrated entity. Language functions as the conduit for transmitting culture, and sports continuously contribute to the enhancement and enrichment of language. The commercialization of sports, combined with extensive media coverage, has spurred an unprecedented surge in the public's affection for sports. Consequently, various sports events have ingrained themselves deeply in the hearts of people, and the sports-related terminology used by individuals across a spectrum of athletic activities, contests, and competitions has evolved into a distinctive hallmark within the English language.(AU)

National Trends of Adolescent Exposure to Tobacco Advertisements: 2012-2020.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of the current study is to evaluate the temporal trends in the prevalence of cigarette and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertisement exposure by venue and sociodemographic correlates among US adolescents from 2012 to 2020. METHODS: We conducted a serial cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative samples of middle and high school youth from the 2012-2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Advertisement exposure was defined as self-report of seeing advertisements "sometimes," "most of the time," and "always." The prevalence of cigarette (and other tobacco products) and e-cigarette advertisement exposure, including overall and at specific venues (Internet, press, screen, and retail stores), was estimated by survey year. RESULTS: A total of 139 795 adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old were included in the analysis. The prevalence of exposure to combustible cigarette marketing remained high across all years (any venue ranging from 77.0% [2018] to 91.1% [2014]). An increasing trend for cigarette advertisement exposure was observed from 2017 to 2020 after a drop in 2015 (ß2012-2015 = 2.8, P for trend < .001; ß2017-2020 = .7, P for trend = .03), driven by retail store-based and Internet-based exposure. A similar increasing pattern in the estimated prevalence of e-cigarette marketing was observed (ß2014-2016 = 4.6, P for trend < .001; ß2017-2020 = 5.1, P for trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Given the high estimated prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette marketing exposure among US adolescents, further regulation efforts for both off-line and online tobacco marketing are needed to mitigate adolescent exposure to content regarding these products, reducing susceptibility to uptake.

Latin American Considerations for Infant and Young Child Formulae.

Infant formula is the only acceptable substitute for breastmilk from 0 to 6 months old when human milk cannot be provided in sufficient amounts. Manufacturers have developed options that intend to meet the changing needs of the child aged from six to twelve months (follow-on formulae) and after the age of one year (young child formulae). The international code for marketing breast milk substitute stipulates standards for marketing practices of these products. In Latin America there are local variations of marketing practices. Novel marketing strategies such as advertising through social media and influencers pose new threats for breastfeeding success in Latin America. This review aims to examine variations in local regulations for marketing of infant formulae and to analyze the emerging phenomenon of influencer advertising. We reviewed the local norms for Latin American countries and examined differences and possible gaps. Emerging evidence of influencer marketing was explored. The results indicate that national regulations differ among Latin American countries, particularly with respect to product labelling and the requirement to use a local native language, highlighting the cost of the product, and different regulations prohibiting certain messages and illustrations. Regarding new marketing strategies, there is limited evidence on advertising infant formula through social media influencers, where different categories of marketing strategies can be described. More transparent reporting of social marketing by formula providers and more independent research on novel marketing strategies are needed.

A scoping review of patient engagement activities during COVID-19: More consultation, less partnership.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on healthcare systems and care delivery, changing the context for patient and family engagement activities. Given the critical contribution of such activities in achieving health system quality goals, we undertook to address the question: What is known about work that has been done on patient engagement activities during the pandemic? OBJECTIVE: To examine peer-reviewed and grey literature to identify the range of patient engagement activities, broadly defined (inclusive of engagement to support clinical care to partnerships in decision-making), occurring within health systems internationally during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as key barriers and facilitators for sustaining patient engagement activities during the pandemic. METHODS: The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase and LitCOVID; a search for grey literature focused on the websites of professional organizations. Articles were required to be specific to COVID-19, describe patient engagement activities, involve a healthcare organization and be published from March 2020 to September 2020. Data were extracted and managed using Microsoft Excel. A content analysis of findings was conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles were included. Few examples of more genuine partnership with patients were identified (such as co-design and organizational level decision making); most activities related to clinical level interactions (e.g. virtual consultations, remote appointments, family visits using technology and community outreach). Technology was leveraged in almost all reported studies to interact or connect with patients and families. Five main descriptive categories were identified: (1) Engagement through Virtual Care; (2) Engagement through Other Technology; (3) Engagement for Service Improvements/ Recommendations; (4) Factors Impacting Patient Engagement; and (5) Lessons Learned though Patient Engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of how healthcare systems and organizations stayed connected to patients and families during the pandemic was identified; the majority of activities involved direct care consultations via technology. Since this review was conducted over the first six months of the pandemic, more work is needed to unpack the spectrum of patient engagement activities, including how they may evolve over time and to explore the barriers and facilitators for sustaining activities during major disruptions like pandemics.

Trends in Youth Exposure to Alcohol Advertising on Cable Television, United States, 2013-2018.

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of research suggests that exposure to alcohol advertising increases the risk of alcohol-related adverse health consequences among underage populations. The alcohol industry has voluntary advertising guidelines to restrict the placement of alcohol advertisements only to media in which youth younger than age 21 comprise no more than 28.4% of the audience. However, the current guidelines do not account for variations in exposure among subpopulations of underage television viewers. Most youth exposure to alcohol advertising in traditional media in the United States comes from advertisements placed on cable television. Therefore, this study assessed trends among underage populations in per capita alcohol advertising exposure on cable television programs. METHOD: Advertising placement and audience data on cable television were licensed from Nielsen (New York, NY). Per capita alcohol advertising exposure (gross rating points, or GRPs) was calculated for youth ages 2-11, 12-17, and 18-20 years from 2013 to 2018. We compared relative trends in exposure between age groups. RESULTS: Alcohol advertising exposure among youth ages 2-11 grew from 13,011 to 15,470 GRPs from 2013 to 2018, whereas exposure declined among youth ages 12-17 (24,663 to 17,780), and 18-20 (35,022 to 25,700). From 2016 to 2018, youth exposure to noncompliant advertising declined for all three underage groups assessed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol advertising exposure among younger children grew faster than in other age groups assessed in this study. This was also the case for advertisements that complied with the alcohol industry's placement guidelines. Continued monitoring of alcohol advertising exposure among underage populations can help detect emerging trends.

Network hubs cease to be influential in the presence of low levels of advertising.

Attempts to find central "influencers," "opinion leaders," "hubs," "optimal seeds," or other important people who can hasten or slow diffusion or social contagion has long been a major research question in network science. We demonstrate that opinion leadership occurs only under conventional but implausible scope conditions. We demonstrate that a highly central node is a more effective seed for diffusion than a random node if nodes can only learn via the network. However, actors are also subject to external influences such as mass media and advertising. We find that diffusion is noticeably faster when it begins with a high centrality node, but that this advantage only occurs in the region of parameter space where external influence is constrained to zero and collapses catastrophically even at minimal levels of external influence. Importantly, nearly all prior agent-based research on choosing a seed or seeds implicitly occurs in the network influence only region of parameter space. We demonstrate this effect using preferential attachment, small world, and several empirical networks. These networks vary in how large the baseline opinion leadership effect is, but in all of them it collapses with the introduction of external influence. This implies that, in marketing and public health, advertising broadly may be underrated as a strategy for promoting network-based diffusion.

Health Advertising during the Lockdown: A Comparative Analysis of Commercial TV in Spain.

During the lockdown declared in Spain to fight the spread of COVID-19 from 14 March to 3 May 2020, a context in which health information has gained relevance, the agenda-setting theory was used to study the proportion of health advertisements broadcasted during this period on Spanish television. Previous and posterior phases were compared, and the period was compared with the same period in 2019. A total of 191,738 advertisements were downloaded using the Instar Analytics application and analyzed using inferential statistics to observe the presence of health advertisements during the four study periods. It was observed that during the lockdown, there were more health advertisements than after, as well as during the same period in 2019, although health advertisements had the strongest presence during the pre-lockdown phase. The presence of most types of health advertisements also changed during the four phases of the study. We conclude that, although many differences can be explained by the time of the year-due to the presence of allergies or colds, for instance-the lockdown and the pandemic affected health advertising. However, the effects were mostly visible after the lockdown, when advertisers and broadcasters had had time to adapt to the unexpected circumstances.

[Sex Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the Ibero-American Context: analysis of advertisements on websites]. / Trabalho sexual em período de pandemia por COVID-19 no contexto íbero-americano: análise de anúncios em websites.

Sex workers become increasingly economically vulnerable due to the restrictive measures implemented to combat the coronavirus pandemic. In this respect, the scope of this study is to analyze the content of prostitution websites and advertisements regarding measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved a description of the visits and analysis of content of communications on websites that advertise commercial sex transactions. The percentage change in the number of visits for three periods from 02/2019 to 04/2020 was calculated. Subsequently, ads with the terms "corona," "pandemic" and "quarantine" on websites that offer search engines were extracted. The Bardin method was then used for content analysis. There was an increase in the number of visits to prostitution websites between 2019 and 2020, followed by a decrease with the advent of the coronavirus pandemic crisis. With regard to the protection measures during the pandemic, health recommendations and the incentive to engage in virtual sex are highlighted. Of the 1,991,014 advertisements, 0.51% mention the COVID-19 crisis regarding noncompliance with social distancing, protection measures and the offer of online sex.

Trabalhadores do sexo tornam-se cada vez mais vulneráveis economicamente como resultado das medidas restritivas implementadas para responder à pandemia de coronavírus. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conteúdo dos websites e anúncios de prostituição sobre medidas relacionadas à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de descrição do fluxo de visitas e análise de conteúdo das comunicações em websites que anunciam transações de sexo comercial. Realizou-se cálculo de variação percentual do número de visitas para três períodos compreendidos entre 02/2019 a 04/2020. Posteriormente, extraíram-se anúncios com os termos "corona", "pandemia" e "quarentena" em websites que oferecem mecanismo de busca. Para análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se o método de Bardin. Houve aumento no número de acessos nos websites de prostituição entre o ano de 2019 e 2020, seguido de queda com a advento da crise pandêmica por coronavírus. Dentre as medidas de proteção durante a pandemia, destacam-se as recomendações de saúde e o incentivo ao sexo virtual. Dentre 1.991.014 anúncios, 0,51% mencionam a crise por COVID-19 quanto ao descumprimento do distanciamento social, medidas de proteção e oferta de sexo on-line.

Trabalho sexual em período de pandemia por COVID-19 no contexto íbero-americano: análise de anúncios em websites / Sex Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the Ibero-American Context: analysis of advertisements on websites

Resumo Trabalhadores do sexo tornam-se cada vez mais vulneráveis economicamente como resultado das medidas restritivas implementadas para responder à pandemia de coronavírus. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conteúdo dos websites e anúncios de prostituição sobre medidas relacionadas à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de descrição do fluxo de visitas e análise de conteúdo das comunicações em websites que anunciam transações de sexo comercial. Realizou-se cálculo de variação percentual do número de visitas para três períodos compreendidos entre 02/2019 a 04/2020. Posteriormente, extraíram-se anúncios com os termos "corona", "pandemia" e "quarentena" em websites que oferecem mecanismo de busca. Para análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se o método de Bardin. Houve aumento no número de acessos nos websites de prostituição entre o ano de 2019 e 2020, seguido de queda com a advento da crise pandêmica por coronavírus. Dentre as medidas de proteção durante a pandemia, destacam-se as recomendações de saúde e o incentivo ao sexo virtual. Dentre 1.991.014 anúncios, 0,51% mencionam a crise por COVID-19 quanto ao descumprimento do distanciamento social, medidas de proteção e oferta de sexo on-line.

Abstract Sex workers become increasingly economically vulnerable due to the restrictive measures implemented to combat the coronavirus pandemic. In this respect, the scope of this study is to analyze the content of prostitution websites and advertisements regarding measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved a description of the visits and analysis of content of communications on websites that advertise commercial sex transactions. The percentage change in the number of visits for three periods from 02/2019 to 04/2020 was calculated. Subsequently, ads with the terms "corona," "pandemic" and "quarantine" on websites that offer search engines were extracted. The Bardin method was then used for content analysis. There was an increase in the number of visits to prostitution websites between 2019 and 2020, followed by a decrease with the advent of the coronavirus pandemic crisis. With regard to the protection measures during the pandemic, health recommendations and the incentive to engage in virtual sex are highlighted. Of the 1,991,014 advertisements, 0.51% mention the COVID-19 crisis regarding noncompliance with social distancing, protection measures and the offer of online sex.

Ten Years of Messaging about the Affordable Care Act in Advertising and News Media: Lessons for Policy and Politics.

Messaging about the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has seemingly produced a variety of outcomes: millions of Americans gained access to health insurance, yet much of the US public remains confused about major components of the law, and there remain stark and persistent political divides in support of the law. Our analysis of the volume and content of ACA-related media (including both ads and news) helps explain these phenomena, with three conclusions. First, the information environment around the ACA has been complex and competitive, with messaging originating from diverse sponsors with multiple objectives. Second, partisan cues in news and political ads are abundant, likely contributing to the crystallized politically polarized opinion about the law. Third, partisan discussions of the ACA in political ads have shifted in volume, direction, and tone over the decade, presenting divergent views regarding which party is accountable for the law's successes (or failures). We offer evidence for each of these conclusions from longitudinal analyses of the volume and content of ACA messaging, also referencing studies that have linked these messages to attitudes and behavior. We conclude with implications for health communication, political science, and the future outlook for health reform.

Historic tobacco legislation in Israel: a moment to celebrate.

BACKGROUND: Israel was once a leader in tobacco control, but fell behind other countries, particularly during the past decade, as smoking rates stagnated. TEXT: Landmark tobacco control legislation, which banned advertising (with the exception of the print press) and limited marketing, was passed in Israel on Dec. 31rst, 2018. The changes occurred following years of attempts which culminated in successful last-minute efforts to promote the legislation just before the early disbanding of the 20th Knesset (Israeli Parliament). Regulations concerning marketing and advertising were substantially strengthened to address all tobacco, nicotine and smoking products. Digital media was included for the first time. Electronic cigarettes, which were previously largely unregulated, now fall under existing tobacco legislation. The changes overcame intense opposition from the tobacco lobby, and occurred despite the fact that the basic elements for prevention policy postulated by the Richmond model were not in place. CONCLUSIONS: This legislation represents an important and long-awaited change in Israeli tobacco control policy. Many deficiencies in existing tobacco control regulation were overcome, and some measures went beyond current international regulations. The cohesive partnership between legislators, public health organizations and professionals, advocacy groups, academia, and leading journalists was critical to this success. The progress was lauded by the World Health Organization with its highest award for tobacco control, which was presented to Smoke Free Israel. This case study provides important lessons for up-to-date tobacco control policy, in the age of rapid global changes in the tobacco, vaping and nicotine landscape.

Changes in Tobacco Product Advertising at Point of Sale: 2015-2018.

OBJECTIVES: Tobacco point-of-sale advertising, particularly in retailers surrounding schools, is associated with youth tobacco use and must be monitored. This study examines how the point-of-sale environment surrounding youth changed over time with regard to diverse tobacco products. METHODS: Each spring from 2015 to 2018, research staff visited the same tobacco retailers (n = 141) within a half-mile of New Jersey high schools. For cigarettes, cigars, electronic cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco, advertisement presence, volume, and share of advertising voice (SAV) were measured for both the exterior and interior of the store. Analyses examined changes over time by product, controlling for store type and poverty. RESULTS: Over time, exterior cigarette advertisements declined in presence (61% to 49%) and SAV (50% to 40%), whereas interior advertisements maintained stable presence, volume, and SAV. In contrast, cigar advertisements increased in presence (exterior 11% to 23%; interior 19% to 30%) and volume (exterior mean 0.2 to 0.5; interior 0.3 to 0.8). For electronic cigarettes, exterior and interior advertising presence, volume, and SAV decreased from 2015 to 2017 but increased in 2018. Smokeless tobacco advertising was infrequent and stayed consistent except in volume in the interior of stores (mean 0.2 to 0.3). When there were any differences by store type, chain convenience stores had the most exterior and interior advertising for all products. CONCLUSIONS: The longitudinal changes observed for each product's advertising reflect national youth use rates of the corresponding products. The point-of-sale environment around schools may be influencing youth tobacco use and must be monitored and regulated.

US toddler milk sales and associations with marketing practices.

OBJECTIVE: Extensive marketing of 'toddler milks' (sugar-sweetened milk-based drinks for toddlers) promotes unsubstantiated product benefits and raises concerns about consumption by young children. The present study documents trends in US toddler milk sales and assesses relationships with brand and category marketing. DESIGN: We report annual US toddler milk and infant formula sales and marketing from 2006 to 2015. Sales response models estimate associations between marketing (television advertising spending, product price, number of retail displays) and volume sales of toddler milks by brand and category. SETTING: US Nielsen retail scanner sales and advertising spending data from 2006 to 2015. PARTICIPANTS: Researchers analysed all Universal Product Codes (n 117·4 million) sold by seven infant formula and eight toddler milk brands from 2006 to 2015. RESULTS: Advertising spending on toddler milks increased fourfold during this 10-year period and volume sales increased 2·6 times. In contrast, advertising spending and volume sales of infant formulas declined. Toddler milk volume sales were positively associated with television advertising and retail displays, and negatively associated with price, at both the brand and category levels. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive marketing of toddler milks has likely contributed to rapid sales increases in the USA. However, these sugar-sweetened drinks are not recommended for toddler consumption. Health-care providers, professional organizations and public health campaigns should provide clear guidance and educate parents to reduce toddler milk consumption and address misperceptions about their benefits. These findings also support the need to regulate marketing of toddler milks in countries that prohibit infant formula marketing to consumers.

A Literature Review and Gap Analysis of Emerging Technologies and New Trends in Gambling.

There have been significant changes in the gambling landscape particularly relating to gambling in the digital age. As the gambling landscape changes, regulation of gambling also needs to change. In 2018, the Office of Responsible Gambling in New South Wales, Australia, commissioned a gap analysis to inform their research objectives and priority focus areas. This included an identification of gaps in our understanding of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling. A gap analysis of the peer-reviewed literature published since 2015 was undertaken, identifying 116 articles. The main area of focus was Internet gambling, followed by articles exploring the relationship between video gaming and gambling, the expansion of the sports betting market, Electronic Gambling Machines characteristics and articles exploring new technologies and trends in advertising and inducements. Key gaps related to the need for more research in general, as well as research focusing on subpopulations such as those using different gambling formats, those with varying levels of problem gambling, and vulnerable populations. From a methods perspective, researchers saw the need for longitudinal studies, more qualitative research and improved outcome measures. The development and testing of a public health approach to addressing the harms associated with gambling in these areas is needed.

Parent and child perceptions of gambling promotions in Australian sport.

Gambling is recognized as a significant public health problem. However, there is little research exploring community attitudes towards gambling and the development of advocacy initiatives. Engaging adults and young people in advocacy efforts is recognized as being beneficial to the successful implementation of harm prevention and reduction strategies. This study explored the attitudes of young people and their parents towards the alignment of gambling with sport, and the strategies they perceive could be used to prevent and reduce gambling related harm. Using a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach, 30 family groups from Melbourne, Australia participated in semi-structured interviews. Parents and young people were asked about gambling and its promotion, alignment with sporting codes, the potential impact on young people and strategies that may prevent or reduce gambling harm. Thematic analysis was undertaken to interpret the data. The sample comprised 29 parents, one grandparent and 48 young people. Themes emerging from the data related to the use of imagery and appeal strategies in advertisements, the normalization of betting in advertisements and the alignment of betting with sport. Parents and young people also identified a number of potential gambling harm prevention and reduction initiatives. Parents and young people were able to describe a range of strategies used by gambling companies to promote their products, understand the potential impact of these strategies, and recommend strategies to reduce harm. Given this level of understanding there is clearly an opportunity to engage young people and stakeholders in advocacy initiatives aimed at reducing and preventing gambling harm.

Vaccine-related advertising in the Facebook Ad Archive.

BACKGROUND: In 2018, Facebook introduced Ad Archive as a platform to improve transparency in advertisements related to politics and "issues of national importance." Vaccine-related Facebook advertising is publicly available for the first time. After measles outbreaks in the US brought renewed attention to the possible role of Facebook advertising in the spread of vaccine-related misinformation, Facebook announced steps to limit vaccine-related misinformation. This study serves as a baseline of advertising before new policies went into effect. METHODS: Using the keyword 'vaccine', we searched Ad Archive on December 13, 2018 and again on February 22, 2019. We exported data for 505 advertisements. A team of annotators sorted advertisements by content: pro-vaccine, anti-vaccine, not relevant. We also conducted a thematic analysis of major advertising themes. We ran Mann-Whitney U tests to compare ad performance metrics. RESULTS: 309 advertisements were included in analysis with 163 (53%) pro-vaccine advertisements and 145 (47%) anti-vaccine advertisements. Despite a similar number of advertisements, the median number of ads per buyer was significantly higher for anti-vaccine ads. First time buyers are less likely to complete disclosure information and risk ad removal. Thematically, anti-vaccine advertising messages are relatively uniform and emphasize vaccine harms (55%). In contrast, pro-vaccine advertisements come from a diverse set of buyers (83 unique) with varied goals including promoting vaccination (49%), vaccine related philanthropy (15%), and vaccine related policy (14%). CONCLUSIONS: A small set of anti-vaccine advertisement buyers have leveraged Facebook advertisements to reach targeted audiences. By deeming all vaccine-related content an issue of "national importance," Facebook has further the politicized vaccines. The implementation of a blanket disclosure policy also limits which ads can successfully run on Facebook. Improving transparency and limiting misinformation should not be separate goals. Public health communication efforts should consider the potential impact on Facebook users' vaccine attitudes and behaviors.

Adults' favorability toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products in the United States.

In November 2018, US Food and Drug Administration announced its intent to prohibit menthol in combustible tobacco products, prohibit flavored cigars, and prohibit flavored e-cigarettes unless they are sold in age-restricted, in-person locations. This study assessed adult attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Data were from the 2016 Summer Styles survey of 4203 US adults aged ≥18 years. Respondents were asked whether they favored or opposed prohibiting flavors (e.g., menthol, spicy, sweet, or fruity flavor) in all tobacco products. Prevalence and correlates of favorability were assessed using weighted percentages and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) respectively. Assessed correlates were: sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, US Census region, marital status, children <18 years living in the home, perceptions toward e-cigarette advertising, and current (past 30-day) tobacco product use. Overall, 47.3% of adults reported favorable attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products. By tobacco product use status, prevalence was 52.0%, 48.4%, and 34.8% among never, former, and current users, respectively (p < .05). Among current tobacco product users, favorability was more likely among adults who believed e-cigarette ads exposure makes youth think about smoking (aPR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.20-2.78) and those with any children aged <18 years in their household (aPR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.05-1.82). To conclude, nearly half of adults favored prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Prohibiting flavors in tobacco products could benefit public health by reducing both individual-level and population-level harms, including tobacco use initiation especially among youth.

Public health job advertisements in Australia and New Zealand: a changing landscape.

OBJECTIVE: To describe available public health jobs in Australia and New Zealand by comparing recent job advertisements. METHODS: We screened vacancies from 14 online job boards for public health jobs in late 2018. Data collected included information on job titles, sector, contract tenure, location and salary. We compared our findings with those of a job advertisements study from 2005. RESULTS: We found 333 public health job advertisements in Australia and New Zealand. Common roles included project officers, researchers and managers. Nearly 40% of jobs asked for a 'tertiary' degree, with an additional 20% requiring a PhD degree. A qualification in public health was considered essential in 13% of job advertisements. Median annual salary range was $95,000-$111,365. CONCLUSIONS: There is not one specific public health job. Instead, such jobs are diverse in role, sector, qualification level required and the salary they confer. Implications for public health: There is a demand for skilled workers to perform increasingly complex public health functions, but this may eventually be outpaced by graduate supply. Furthermore, while salaries are considerable, long-term positions are not, and this has implications for the sustainability of the public health workforce.